What is Unix OS?

It is almost half a century passed from the date where the Unix Operating System was first invented. Its 49th anniversary is to be celebrated in August this year (2018). Although it is nearly 50 years old, we cannot find it as a useless operating system as it is being used with the execution of even a small code of the Unix OS by each and every person who uses at least a smartphone or who is connected to the internet and do their work. Even any OS in the modern trend has the influence of this Unix OS at any stage of its evolution.

Example :- Windows Operating System is being executed on the stepping-stone of the communication Stack designed with the Unix Operating System which is used to temporally store data and information of the communication process.

Example  :- Most of the parts of the Apple OS X, has been designed using the coding systems of the Unix OS.

Example  :- Lying-in-home of the Linux Operating System is Unix OS.

Example  :- Most of the web servers on the internet which store data and manage them accurately, are also invented using the Unix OS.

Birth of the ‘UNIX Operating System

In the beginning of the 70th decade, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), General Electric (GE) and Bell Labs in conjunction commenced a huge mission to invent a new Operating System for the ‘Mainframe Computers’ used in the 60th decade. The mission was named as ‘Multics’ which stands for ‘Multiplexed Information and Computing Service’. MULTICS was a large, ambitious and innovative operating system that was intended to support hundreds of simultaneous users. It was well structured with many new features included than the feature was there before. The most important fact is that the Security of the Computer has been considered well in that plan.

The invention of the Multics Operating System was begun with the idea of making it a commercial product. Although it was sold to many customers, it was unable to succeed as a commercial product. Therefore, the maintenance process of the Multics was totally killed and all the resources used to invent the operating system was thrown away. It brought an intermission to all the scrutineers worked on the manufacturing process of the Multics Operating System.

There was a member from the Bell Labs scrutineers group who took a part in the invention process of the Multics OS. His name was ‘Ken Thompson’, who was a PC game lover. During the intermission period, he did something useful by making a PC game named as ‘Space Travel’. But in mainframe computers, its executing speed was so slow where Ken Thompson had to invent a new Operating System, which can be used to play his game accurately. So he wrote the codes for his new operating system, for nearly one month and it was done coding in August 1969. The codes Ken Thompson wrote was the main code chart of the Unix OS.

There was another member from the Multics Project, who was side by side with Ken Thompson in the process of creating his new OS. ‘Dennis Ritchie’, who was engaged with improving Software for PDP-7 computers at DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) was that one who helped Ken Thompson to improve the Operating System he invented, for the PDP-7 Computers. All these were happening to make the PC game Ken Thompson created, work more accurately in Computers. ‘Brian Kernighan’ was also from the Multics OS manufacturing team, who passed the idea of developing the OS Ken Thompson invented, for DEC PDP-7 computers. The name ‘UNIX’ was given by him for that new Operating System.

In 1971, AT&T Bell Labs funded for the further improvements of the Unix Operating System. The name ‘Unix’ was officially accepted in this year. Also, in this year it was improved with ‘Text Processing’ feature and the ability to use it by many at the same time.

By 1973, it was rewritten in ‘C Language’, to make it easy to add new features to this operating system. By this time it has become more famous among Universities and technical organizations. Bell Labs sold a booklet of the complete code chart beside with the OS to those who bought the OS and earned a quite profit.

In 1975, a new update of the Unix OS was released as ‘Unix 6’. In 1980, there was the 10th updated version of the OS. In 1980, Microsoft built a UNIX based Operating System for the 16-bit Microcomputers. Windows was invented with the influence of that new operating system which was named as ‘Xenix’.

Evolution of ‘UNIX’

By modifying the sources code or the major code chart of the Unix Operating System, new versions of the Operating System were invented and it mostly happened after the year 1982. All the software needed to work with a computer were connected to the hardware of the computer with the use of the source code of the OS which was known as the Unix Kernel.

In 1982, University of California found a new OS named as ‘BSD Unix’ (Berkeley Software Distribution of Unix). Bill Joy was a member of that team which invented the BSD OS. In 1982 he built-up an organization on his own as ‘Sun Microsystems’, inventing Unix based ‘SunOS’ operating system.

Thereafter, so many new modified versions of the Unix OS was found and the ‘NeXT OS’ of the Apple company was one of the special version among them. That NeXT OS was the base of the Mac OSX which was constructed for the Apple Computers. Some parts of the source code which was written by Dennis Ritchie are there in the Kernel of the Mac OS, even for today.

Although the kernel of the Unix OS is an Open Source cord chart, there are Intellectual Property Owners for the Unix OS. Therefore no one is allowed to modify and to release new versions of the Unix OS unless they get permissions from the party who own the regulations regarding the subject. Todays, it is handled by the ‘Open Group’ Organization. (Opengroup.org)

Unix VS. Open Source

Richard Stallman, who was a Programmer at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), came up with an idea of finding a way which allows anyone to download the source code of the Unix OS for free and let anyone modify it on their own, rather than keeping it in a way to be bought spending cash. So he began to build that kind of an OS. It was named as ‘GNU’. GNU is also an OS like Unix. All the essential features of an OS such as Kernel, Driver Programs, User Interface, and System Utilities were there in the GNU as well. With the head-start of writing the codes, in 1983, Richard Stallman gave the birth for the ‘GNU.ORG’.

In 1984, he began another organization called, ‘FSF.ORG’. He commentated that the Open Source Software means the computer programs which can be used, copied, examined, modified, and improved by anyone, with no restrictions or regulations regarding the Intellectual Property Ownership. A statement containing this definition was offered in 1985 which was identified as the ‘GNU Manifesto’. The kernel of the GNU OS was named as ‘Hurd’. This community supported Hurd Kernel was done improving in 1991.

Unix VS. Linux

In 1987, Andrew Tanenbaum; a computer scientist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, intended an Operating System named ‘Minix’, based on the Unix OS. It was intended to make clear the doubts of his students regarding the process of an operating system. Also, he wrote a booklet about this Minix OS and shred a floppy disk containing the kernel of the Operating System with that booklet. It was shred through the network called as ‘Usenet’ and became so popular within a very short period of time. Within the first 3 months of the birth of Minix Operating System, about 40 000 of the population have had begun discussions about this new OS and ways of improving the File System of the OS.

Linus Towards; a student who was studying computer science at the Helsinki University at Finland, was also one of them who was engaged in the improving process of the File System of the Minix OS. Not only that, he used this Minix OS for his work, mastering the knowledge of him regarding how to modify it for different purposes. With this influence and the knowledge, on 5th of October 1991, he published a fresh kernel of a new Operating System to the world. It was named as ‘Linux’, which we use even in the present, and the base of this Linux OS is also the Unix OS, as it was intended using the Unix’ File System.

Linus Towards share the Kernel of his Linux OS and gathered a huge crowd to improve it. Linus was already engaged with the community of Open Source Software and he worked on combining the Linux OS with the GNU OS. As a result of partnering with Richard Stallman, the kernel of the Linux OS was taken as the kernel of the GNU OS and the GNU/Linux Operating System was born. The Linux operating system, which most of the population talk today is this GNU/Linux System.

With this head start, the process of producing operating systems using the kernel of the GNU/Linux OS was begun. Likewise, in 1993, ‘Debian’; the world’s first completed GNU/Linux based operating system was designed. Thereafter, many of such operating systems were designed and they are called as ‘GNU/Linux Distributions’. ‘Ubuntu’, ‘Android’, are on the very high of the list of GNU/Linux Distributions, which is completely filled with many modified versions such as, ‘Chromium OS’, ‘RedHat’ & ‘Suse’. All of them are invented with the influence of the Unix OS.

Finally…

From the birth of the Unix OS in August 1969, it ran on a long path of success with so many achievements. Codes of the Unix kernel have been used in any of the computers used in nowadays. Ken Thompson; the father of the Unix OS improved it with the help of Dennis Ritchie. Brian Kernighan gave the name ‘Unix’ for the OS Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie designed together. It was completely re-written in ‘C Language’, by 1973. In 1975, a new version of the Unix OS was released as ‘Unix 6’. ‘Xenix’ was produced by the Microsoft for their 16-bit Microcomputers, in 1980. Windows was designed with the influence of this Xenix OS. ‘NeXT OS’ of the Apple Company was also designed based on the Unix OS. Richard Stallman created the GNU OS and is the founder of the GNU.org and the FSF.org. In 1991, Linux OS was launched which was designed based on Unix OS. The first OS of the GNU/Linux Distribution was produced in 1993 which was named as ‘Debian’. All those versions of the GNU/Linux Distribution are based on the Unix OS. Likewise, Unix OS came a long way for nearly half a century, with a great pride.

In 1983, Ken Thompson and Dennis Richie were awarded the ‘Turing Award’ which is believed as the Nobel Prize of Computer Science, for designing the Unix Operating System. The ‘National Medal of Technology’, which is the highest award offered for an American Technologist, also won by these two for the year 1998 and it was given by the American President, Bill Clinton on 27th of April in 1999. This is what we talk as the great pride of the Unix OS.

Learn about 3D technology easily

Nowadays’ trending way of delivering movies to the audience is, using 3D technology. Actually, what is 3D technology? 3D is the abbreviation of the meaning ‘Three-Dimensional’. It is an image that provides the perception of depth into your brain as well as the height and breadth, which hands-over a special experience called as ‘Virtual Reality’. Everything around us in the real world, we see with our eyes are in 3D. But when it comes to the movie technology, we are able only to experience 2D there on the screen. That means we are not able to get an idea about the depth of the objects on the screen. But with the improvement of the technology, now the technicians have found a way of delivering movies with the ability to find a depth of the objects on the screen and that technology is called as, ‘3D Technology’. That’s what actually meant by 3-dimensional technology. Now let’s move on to see how this 3D technology works and the concept or the theory behind this 3D technology. So keep on reading.

3D Concept

The concept behind delivering 3D images, in a 2D platform using 2D graphics, is not complex as much as you think. So let’s get a brief idea about that concept.

In the natural world, we think that we see 3D graphics. But actually, our eyes see the 2D graphics. That means graphics only with a height and a breadth with no depth. But as our eyes are placed in two places they see any of these 2D graphics, in two different angles. These data of the 2D graphics which was collected with eyes, go to our brain separately as the data from the left and the right eye. After processing these data, our brain gives a sensation of the 2D graphics captured by the eyes, in 3D; with a depth. Likewise, we see the graphics with a depth in the real world. That means an illusion of length perception, is being created in our brain with the 2D graphics captured with our eyes. That’s how we see 3D in the real world.

That’s the theory behind the 3D technology trending today. Even a 3D movie is being shot, using two cameras in two perspectives. Those cameras are also keenly attached in a similar distance of our eyes are placed on our face. So the scene can be shot in two different angles like our eyes truly see that. There are well-developed cameras to capture such scenes and they can be placed right in the correct place using the special software and other programs developed especially for 3D shootings. And with the help of after editing, a proper 3D movie can be produced. That is the basic concept behind the 3D technology which is mainly used in 3D movie making.

3D Spectacles

Either in a cinema or in a TV screen, we need to wear an eye cheating spectacle. They are called as 3D Spectacles. There are two types of 3D Spectacles.

Active 3D Spectacles        - Uses electronic devices

Passive 3D Spectacles     - Not using electronic devices

Passive 3D Spectacles

Anaglyph Technology is being used in 3D spectacles with red and blue glasses with are used to watch 3D movies. 3D movies are being delivered to the screen using two projectors which our eyes catch it in two different perspectives. One of those projectors adduce the scene in the perspective of our left eye and the other does it in the way of our right eye see it. When the rays of those both projectors strike against the screen, we see it with a red color shadow on one side and a blue color shadow on the other side of the original object. When we look at that through 'Anaglyph 3D Glasses', our eyes get the ability to capture those two shadows separately with the use of the two colored glasses of the spectacle. That is also same as when we look at any object in the real world; captures the two sides/ shadows separately with each eye. So the signals or the data go to our brain is same as the signals it gets when we look at a 2D object in the real world. Now the brain compounds those data and creates an image with a perfect depth. Therefore we can see 3D graphics on the screen. 

Yes. I know what you think now. You may think about the spectacles with single colored glasses we get at the 3D cinemas, rather than the spectacles with two colored glasses. Let’s make it clear. In this technology, there is a way of delivering 3D movies by sending light patterns with changed polarization, against the screen. To watch this type movies in 3D, you must use Polarized 3D Glasses. The glasses used in these 3D spectacles have different physical features. Here they use glasses polarized to filter only red and blue colors. Both these 3D glasses; Anaglyph 3D Glasses and 'Polarized 3D Glasses' are under the type of passive glasses. 

Active 3D Spectacles

There are two types of Active 3D Spectacles categorized according to the 3D Technology Techniques used to produce the glasses. 

Liquid Crystal Shutter GlassesDisplay Glasses

In modern 3D televisions and projectors, the Liquid Crystal Shutter technology is being used.

They deliver 3D movies of this type, in a special way. They show the scenes alternately which is needed to be seen by the left eye and the right eye separately. When the scene for the left eye is being delivered, the right eye’ glass get dark/ switched off and when the scene for the right eye is being delivered, the left eye’ glass get dark/ switched off, by activating the electric circuit in this glasses.

3D Without Glasses

Now we know how we experience 3D using 3D Glasses. There is also a way of experiencing 3D without using any glasses. It is called as, ‘Auto-Stere-Oscopic Technology’. All the images strike against this screen in two perspectives. But there is a special parallax barrier in this screen and it acts as a filter. That barrier filters the lights coming to our eyes and send the lights directly to the left and the right eye separately according to the scene. So here also the brain get the image separately by the two eyes and there makes a 3D image in your mind. That’s how you can experience 3D without any glass or any other device. 

3D Technology vs Health

There are many situations where the audience have complained that they felt disgusting or experienced health issues after watching these 3D movies. Therefore, to find out how 3D movies affect the human body and health, Reuters Newspaper Service has done a kind of a research with regarding scientists. Here are the comments made regarding 3D technology by a professor at the Northwestern University in America.

Professor Michael Rosenberg – ‘’While brain is trying to understand this artificial attempt, your eyes get tired and will be unbalanced resulting you a headache’’ 

Also, the sayings of the Consumer Reports had once highlighted a comment regarding 3D technology as follows.

‘’Every 15% of those who watch 3D movies, get a headache and the tired of the eyes after the show-time is over.’’

Professor Deborah Freedman is a professor about eyes & neurology, from the Rochester University in America and once she has told to Roisters News that, by watching 3D movies, our brain gets tired in an unnatural way. Also, she has told that however, the 3D technology copies the real world experience of capturing objects in 3D, it is not 100% the same as in real. Therefore the brain will get brand new images which have never been experienced and when trying to analyze them, the brain wastes the energy on that and it will cause future errors in the brain. 

In this world, nearly everyone can watch 2D movies. (Here, I’m not talking about the blind people) But not all can watch 3D movies. Only 30% of any population can watch 3D movies. The reason is, others have at least one impairment in eyes which doesn’t let them enjoy the 3D experience. 

Future of 3D Technology

The 3D technology is always being developed. When this technology first came to the trend, the main accusation was regarding the color of the movies asking to develop it more forward from the black and white movies which were the only 3D movies there at the moment. By the time, now it has become settled with colorful 3D movies. Also, the quality of the movies is also developed up to where it is now. Now they are working on, improving the 3D glasses for a better experience. Also, you will be able to watch 3D movies in a better quality with improved glasses and with help of better improved 3D projectors. So hope you all found at least one fact about 3D Technology.

FORGOT YOUR PASSWORD?

As a human living in a technologically advanced and globalized world, no one cannot live without a smartphone or without internet nowadays. A business is not just limited to communication but it has also expanded a lot through this internet. So you may be using different accounts to accomplish these kinds of internet-related tasks. So how do you remember username and password of each of those accounts? Perhaps you saved those login details in your web browser because it is difficult to remember all of your login usernames and passwords. But are you satisfied with the current state of the security of those saved login details?

So today I'm going to talk about how you can keep your login details very secure. To accomplish this, Mozilla Firefox has launched an Android App. It's the Firefox Lockwise App. With the help of this app/ using this way you can keep your login details secure with you wherever you go. Firefox has originally provided this app for iOS devices, especially for iPad devices. So their next step is to provide the same application for Android users with this facility and protect their information and provide a more secure and reliable service to their customers. Compared to the traditional password managers, Firefox Lockwise App is a simple app that can be easily accessed by saving the password in your Firefox web browser.

Login details whenever needed… 

Imagine you are buying a product from Amazon. Unfortunately, you can't remember your Amazon account password. Often times, you will reset your account. Or guessing, using some password. This can cause your account to be temporarily blocked. With this Firefox Lockwise, you can save login details to your accounts and retrieve them at any time without any problem. Face ID and Fingerprint ID have been enabled to unlock this app. That's how you save your login details, sync between the devices through a 256-bit encrypted file transfer service. So the security of your information is high.

Login to any device… 

The other advantage of Firefox Lockwise is the ability to auto-fill the username and password fields when logging in to an account. There, the login details saved in your Firefox desktop browser are transferred to your mobile phone. So you can do your logins on iOS and Android without this feature. To make Firefox Lockwise more effective, Firefox Desktop Browser has also introduced a separate Lockwise extension. 

Try Firefox lockwise download. 

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=mozilla.lockbox 

Thank you...

Learn about Digital Marketing...

We are living in an advanced age of IT, and the majority of us use the Internet for our daily activities. If you believe me, I would say that at this moment the number of Internet users is growing by the thousands.

According to Pew Research, this constant internet use among people we consider to be adults has grown by 5% in the last three years. One of the main reasons for this percentage increase is that people move away from offline marketing and switch to the concept of online marketing or digital marketing. So how can we not talk about such a revolution online/digital marketing?